Good planning and network design are obvious requirements. if you need to understand some generic considerations for a few of the codecs used look at
and download the voip efficiency tool, it will give you some ideas to work with. I have worked with IP links over satellite, wireless networks, internet, VPN's, separately and together, all work well, IF engineered correctly! bandwidth available, allocation, prioritization, capabilities of equipment all play a part. But the failure is typically the human who didn't plan it or configure it correctly.
For an answer to the original question:
Why not utilize service from Vonage and other varied players emerging for the unlimited long distance?
General rules:
How do you contact another party? you need a phone number.
1. You always need a telco to connect you when you call someone outside your company, landline or voip calling. There ALWAYS has to be a gateway between transmission types. This is provided by your ITSP(internet telephony service providor)who has been allocated phone numbers which he provides to you. Calls to and from your phone number are always switched via the landline( generic term OK?) network between all the telco's and the ITSP's for termination to their customers.
2. There are free VOIP services that act as a telco between members, therein is the issue, caller and callee must be members. this only would work with an earlier exchange of contact information, better used for long term communications. but as the for-profit services give a great deal now this is not such an interesting option.
3. When you install voip in your office and/or between offices, you essentially do the same thing as the telco's. You have must have a gateway to connect your voip network to the telco lines. This can be an add on part in the case of a voip network between offices with a gateway that connects the voip calls to your PBX for transmission to the telcos if it is an outside call or to an internal extension.
4. If you have a IP-PBX the gateway is built in to your PBX. A good system will be able to route the call by the best medium automatically no matter what number you dial even if ther is an outage on one of the pathways.
Gerald