Phones are either hand coded to register to the Clan/procr ip address , this method is done by manually assigning the call server address after boot up or by accessing the admin(craft) menu , or the ip address is included in the dhcp option string.
My understanding is that all CLANs in a given network region are treated as equal, and upon registering, CM will send a list of gatekeepers for that phone to use, and load balance across all CLANs in any given network region.
To say, you could use the IP of 1 or 2 CLANs in your DHCP string, but CM would load balance those phones more or less evenly across all CLANs in the same network region despite not necessarily being explicitly instructed by you to do so.
So, I guess a brief answer to your question would be that phones do not determine what address they ultimately use once registered, CM does this, and it is based on other elements of system programming - but primarily the total CLANs in the network region and balancing out their available sockets to ensure no given CLAN is oversubscribed.
Current releases with processor ethernet (using the IP of your CM server for registration rather than CLAN cards) have way more sockets and most of this CLAN stuff goes by the wayside.
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