You cannot get MAC information from an arp request to a different subnet, but you can force a population of the arp cache for your subnet and return the MAC addresses:
One way to expand the list is to ping the broadcast address just before checking the arp cache. For example, assuming you're on a class C (or /24) network with an address of 192.168.10.17, you could ping 192.168.10.255.
Follow this with an arp -a
If the target system is not on your segment, you most likely won't be able to learn it's IP address given only it's MAC address, as MAC addresses do not transend network segments. If your switches are managed, you can query the arp cache of the switch.