The clients on the network will only be able to access shares that are made available. If its not shared, then it can't be accessed over the network... only locally. To see what shares you currently have, right click my computer, manage, shared folders. grneyedlady is correct about the $ sign, those shares will be hidden. Also, the c$, d$, etc drive shares have administrative rights assigned to them (must be an administrator to access) and you can't remove those shares because they are built in. The recommended practice is to create folders, and then share the folders. Share permissions are normally kept 'loose' and you then clamp down with NTFS permissions.
If you are concerned about the drives being accessed by a direct login to the server, the default is to allow only specific groups the local login right... see domain controllers group policy\computer configuration\windows settings\security settings\local policies\user rights assignment. The average domain user can't log directly into the server.
So, your resources are protected by either not sharing them, sharing them but restricting access through NTFS permissions, or not allowing them to access them through a direct login to the server through a group policy.