The short story is No, it doesn't. If you use Windows Script Components, you can use the <reference> element to include a type library, but that simply gets you access to the constants defined in the type library.
If you're goal is simply the constants (which I don't think it is), you can add them to a .h file, use the FileSystemObject to read it in, and the Execute/ExecuteGlobal statement to include them into the script. There's an example here of how to do that.
There may be script editors that allow you to set references to type libraries and then it would manipulate the code to VBS acting similar to VB. It wouldn't be that difficult, but I don't know of one off-hand.
FYI, if you download the MS Speech SDK, there's a DHTML example. It's in javascript, but it'll get you the ProgID's you're after.
Jon Hawkins