As others have said, a Static IP is one that is permanently assigned to you by the ISP and unofficially 'guaranteed' not to change (hello, AT&T, did you see that??).
A Dynamic IP can change at any time for any reason and without notice to you, but they do tend to stay the same for long periods if you never have your modem off for any length of time (off, power fail, cat chewed the cord, etc), or the ISP isn't doing maintenance at their facility. it is not safe to rely on this type of IP for web hosting, etc, because it CAN change. That is why there is DynDNS, which monitors your IP and adjusts if a change happens.
If you have a hard wired connection to your 192.168.... router you will also notice the IP always seems to be the same no matter what you do. Typical exceptions are if you change what port your computer is plugged in to - then it will usually change, or if more hardware is added to your network (such as a hub) and one of the new connected devices grabs the IP you were using before your computer gets to it.
If you have a wireless conenction to your router it is more likely to be different every time, but even then a lot of the time it is the same. I believe that is because the router remembers what was connected to it wirelessly and just gives you back your same settings if someone else hasn't grabbed them....