Really, the only way to do such a thing is to use a third party tool to read your transaction logs (Apex or Lumigent sell them) or to set up some sort of auditing which records DELETES/UPDATES/INSERTS as they happen (from the deleted and inserted tables). Then you could query off of those.
You cannot, however, query on stuff that is past unless, like Paul said, you've kept your logs and have a tool which can read them.
Additionally, if you're looking for a certain time frame and you have an older copy of your database, you could use Red Gate's SQL Data Compare tool to find the differences. I believe you can tell it to look for what's in the older DB which isn't in the newer DB, but I haven't played with the tool that much.
Catadmin - MCDBA, MCSA
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