There are basically four different commands that can be run to check various levels of consistency within your database. The four options are listed below with a short description of each as listed in SQL Server Books Online.
DBCC CHECKALLOC - Checks the consistency of disk space allocation structures for a specified database
DBCC CHECKCATALOG Checks for catalog consistency within the specified database.
DBCC CHECKDB - Checks for catalog consistency within the specified database.
DBCC CHECKTABLE Checks the integrity of all the pages and structures that make up the table or indexed view.
The most widely run option is DBCC CHECKDB because it checks the entire database, but the other options are helpful for quicker spot checking. In addition, all of these commands have additional options that can be selected to check for only a portion of the data and also for repairing any corruption that has been found.
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