Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is caused by undesirable radiated electromagnetic fields or conducted voltages and currents. The interference is produced by a source emitter and is detected by a susceptible victim via a coupling path. The coupling path may involve one or more of the following coupling mechanisms:
1. Conduction - electric current
2. Radiation - electromagnetic field
3. Capacitive Coupling - electric field
4. Inductive Coupling - magnetic field
Conducted noise is coupled between components through interconnecting wires such as through power supply and ground wires. Common impedance coupling is caused when currents from two or more circuits flow through the same impedance such as in power supply and ground wires.
Radiated electromagnetic field coupling may be treated as two cases. In the near field, E and H field coupling are treated separately. In the far field, coupling is treated as a plane wave coupling.
Electric field coupling is caused by a voltage difference between conductors. The coupling mechanism may be modeled by a capacitor.
Magnetic field coupling is caused by current flow in conductors. The coupling mechanism may be modeled by a transformer.
Some typical external noise sources into a radio receiver include radiated electric field coupling from: high-voltage power lines, broadcast antennas, communications transmitters, vehicle ignition systems and electric machinery. Most conducted coupling from external sources occurs through the ac power lines.
Typical radio interference to other equipment includes radiated electric field coupling to: TV sets, broadcast receivers, telephone lines, appliances, and communications receivers. Most conducted coupling to other equipment occurs through the ac power lines.