Let's assume an email is coming from the address of user@sub.domain.com
If the administrator for the RECEIVING server did his part, then an inbound email from user@sub.domain.com is going to get checked for a bunch of different things.
1. Is the IP address it's coming from dynamic or static?
2. Does the PTR record (reverse DNS) for that IP match sub.domain.com?
3. What's the MX record for sub.domain.com? Does it match what the PTR record says?
4. What's the SPF record say? Is the IP address that the email is coming from listed in the SPF record?
5. Are there any configured IP blocks for that IP address/range?
6. Is sub.domain.com blacklisted?
7. Are DomainKeys being used?
And on, and on.....
Without seeing the bounce message, or the SMTP log, it's impossible to know for sure why it's bouncing, but it's almost certainly one of these reasons.
Pat Richard MVP
Plan for performance, and capacity takes care of itself. Plan for capacity, and suffer poor performance.