Data mining is most often used in practice to model some real-world process, so that predictions can be made about future cases. Historical examples of the process in question are analyzed and ultimately a model of some sort (a decision tree, a neural network, a statistical regression, etc.) is produced.
As an example, I once worked on a medical diagnosis project. A number of patients' medical data and their known outcome (cancer / no cancer) were modeled so that future cases might be predicted. The data mining process learns from the data the way a student learns from flash cards.
The same sort of thing can be used on historical data from other fields to predict things like: likelihood of a credit card customer repaying their loan, metal part quality in a factory or how likly a long-distance telephone customer is to defect to a competitor.
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