Using the ADO local client cursor and the rs.Filter property, as in the OP, you can use both, the % and * wildcards, because the cursor is not dependent on the underlying dbms provider.
So, whether the data comes from SQL Server, or MS Access, or dynamically created, the % and * wildcards work with the .Filter property and LIKE clause on a client cursor.
Using the .Filter property LIKE clause, the Wildcard always need to be the last character, or the first and last character, but never just the first character.
So, these wildcard usages work:
"Type LIKE '*ST*'"
"Type LIKE 'ST*'"
"Type LIKE '%ST%'"
"Type LIKE 'ST%'"
But these do not work:
"Type LIKE '*ST'"
"Type LIKE '%ST'"