A few questions

[khushi]

1. What r reference variables in C++ ?
2. Is there any concept called as 'holes in structures' or is it any kind of joke or what ?

 

[Karl Blessing]

can you be more specific?

on #1, if you are talking about referencing a variable, that means you are not showing it's value , but instead you show it's location in the memory, thus allowing you to mess with the original value.

for more information look up pointers, * , & and memory allocation

as for the second one, the only time I can think of a structure having a "hole" is if it were part of a linked list, or some other usage of a pointer, and the the link or "reference" to that data was lost, thust creating something of a memory "leak" or "hole" meaning unrecoverable data until you reboot, it'll fill up your memory(RAMS)
Karl
kb244@kb244.com

http://www.kb244.com

Experienced in : C++(both VC++ and Borland),VB1(dos) thru VB6, Delphi 3 pro, HTML, Visual InterDev 6(ASP(WebProgramming/Vbscript)

http://www.brainbench.com/transcript.jsp?pid=629151

 

[rbobbitt]

As to the 2nd one, the implementation is allowed to insert "padding bytes" in structures at it sees fit to solve alignment problems. Therefore, a given structure may have any number of empty bytes and the size of a given structure may be different across implementations.




Russ
bobbitts@hotmail.com

http://home.earthlink.net/~bobbitts

 

[vkavith]

Example for a reference would be something like this.

int  i  = 0;
int &ir = i;   // ir is an alias for i
ir = 2;        // same effect as i = 2